Science under Sanctions: the Experience of Iranian Universities

The research article analyzes how science in Iranian universities has evolved during years of sanctions, and what Russian can learn from this experience. study focuses on the periods, goals, outcomes state policy Iran toward universities. author developed typology sanctions affecting scientific systematized measures used to overcome them. This applies as well. practices aimed at overcoming have been verified clarified using data an expert survey conducted among researchers origin working analysis shown that government was oriented towards achieving quantitative related mostly publication activity inclusion international rankings. Later emphasis shifted strengthening practical impact university science, well development cooperation. Universities were able increase output but barely contributed economic growth. Sanctions are limiting factor, especially since had find by themselves ways academic diaspora, United States, played important role process, manage remain included may be interest studying problems under managers dealing with